Input

Input in the form of listening and reading is the foundation of second language acquisition. What has research told us about its role?

Acquiring Strategies for Listening

Larry Vandergrift

Listening comprehension strategies

12 min

Listening Strategies in Classroom Settings

Suzanne Graham

Classroom listening strategy instruction

25 min

Brain Processing of Aural Input

Gianfranco Conti

how the brain processes aural input and what this suggests for classroom practice

10 min

Key Issues in Reading Instruction

Catherine Walter

10 min

Introductory Article on Reading

William Grabe

25 min

Rethinking Foreign Language Reading Instruction

Gianfranco Conti

10 min

Input Hypothesis

Stephen Krashen (1982)

the Input Hypothesis and the importance of input being comprehensible. Pages 20-30

15 min

Making Input Comprehensible

Ali Hasan

25 min

Attending to Form and Content in Input

Bill VanPatten

learners pay attention to both the meaning and the form of the input they receive

15 min

Working Memory Capacity

Nelson Cowan (2010)

Open access article

10 min

Transfer Appropriate Processing in SLA

Patsy Lightbown

TAP from cognitive psychology applied to language learning

25 min

Input Processing Theory

Alessandro Benati (2016)

manipulating the input learners receive may accelerate acquisition

25 min

Noticing Hypothesis

Richard Schmidt (2010)

for learning to take place students have to notice something in the form of the input

20 min

Music in Second Language Teaching

Pauline Degrave (2019)

10 min

Why the input we give our learners must be 95-98% comprehensible

Gianfranco Conti (2025)

Research supporting 95-98% comprehensible input. NEW 25.5.25

5 min

Making Input Comprehensible

Steve Smith

Research-informed perspective. NEW 25.5.25

5 min